Gender and Video Games Essay Example for Free

Sexual orientation and Video Games Essay The current improvement in the writing concerning videogames and sex comprises the plan of impression of how game designers as well as players set up their individual and aggregate personality in this procedure. Their relationship at that point compares to making explicit standards and rules that look to distinguish explicit thoughts concerning their portrayal of the real world and furthermore their capacity to gain by existing sorts for developing game play and the issues identified with acknowledgment of existing standards. Because of this, to all the more likely comprehend the relationship evading around computer games and sexual orientation, decent measure of examination must be made not just in its capacity to speak to the gaming open yet additionally in the effect it makes towards bringing the issue into a greater picture as it identifies with the development of accepted practices and jobs. Evaluating Video Games and Gender Indeed taking a gander at past writing examines, it very well may be seen that distortion stays clear particularly among the portrayal of sexual orientation in computer games. Here, regular examples of male manly figures and characters keep on ruling various stages and games. Such thought is not yet clear especially, during the prior occasions wherein there is a comparing delineation of players that are generally male and at last overwhelm both the essential and auxiliary characters. Here, Williams, Martins, Consalvo and Ivory (2009) study features these evident patterns by contending that â€Å"the most well known games are less delegate than the run of the mill game delivered by designers, showing that players likewise assume a job in the pattern of creation and consumption† (p. 828). Correspondingly, such activities at that point set up the development of suggestions relating towards the two organizations and gamers the same. Given the steady promoting and investigation of new systems to extend the degree of gamers inside a particular stage, there are in reality limitations that this sex predisposition and definition of games make. It requires not just obstructing the likely intrigue of these games towards shoppers yet in addition actuate regular methods for constrained thankfulness and furthermore lack in deals. These elements thusly require a tightened reaction to the regularly developing number of benefactors of computer games as it includes most of members and include different entertainers who additionally place accentuation in their ability for media to show their basic affiliations and relationship inside the stage (Williams, Martins, Consalvo, Ivory, 2009). Opening up Patterns for Diversity and Change Assessing the legitimacy of how computer games grasp decent variety, cautious examination should be made in the way that computer games try to depict and layout the perspectives concerning the gaming society. Since social images regularly imply this procedure to be a male/manly undertaking, prior stages some way or another restrain female investment in such action and as a rule related with male jobs and propensities (Williams, Martin, Consalvo and Ivory, 2009). Notwithstanding, this began to change as new plans and models have been acquainted with oblige the changing view of sexual orientation jobs identified with computer games and adherence to the destinations to rise above over basic portrayals that stage has over male and female responsiveness. Perceiving the current requirements for installing sex correspondence inside the computer game stages, many game designers presently look to apply these systems in the detailing of new titles that try to mean better capacity for individuals to use their view of themselves inside a specific game. This achieved critical changes as originators brought into thought decent variety and equivalent portrayal of male and female jobs all the while. This elements at that point united better methods for laying out not just huge zones identified with the general game play yet in addition in the intrigue it gives towards various people paying little heed to their racial and sexual orientation affiliations (Brandtzaeg and Heim, 2009). Seeing this, the examination by Jansz and Vosmeer to be sure offer a decent investigation of how the game ‘Sims 2’ location these changing patterns and layout the development of gaming from a manly and male commanded class to a progressively careless and different territory that prompts normal associations among manliness and womanliness. By utilizing this game for instance, the investigation had the option to feature huge changes in these observations and had the option to discover basic standards molding and assisting openings bookkeeping to how assorted variety fills in as an instrument in combining the possibility of sexual orientation and computer games together. To supplement this procedure, it considers making computer games that are receptive to the requirements of gamers as well as connect towards their capacity to use associations over the jobs explicit characters play. Here, Jansz and Vosmeer (2010) contends, â€Å"developing sexual orientation and games hypothesis requires progressively point by point understanding into the common molding of game substance, game play, and sex identities† (p. 247). By teaming up on these three angles likewise, the capacity of development of computer games have in fact exhibited a reality that is increasingly helpful and receptive to the necessities of people by offering an assortment of stages wherein collaboration and affiliations stay conceivable. Videogames, Violence, and Gender Roles Another statute forming the comprehension concerning the possibility of videogames and sex is the relating observations and jobs it gives members. Since this component is one piece of media, it is through this that portrayals about culture and sexual orientation jobs are given among people paying little mind to age, race, or social affiliations. These elements thusly require both positive and negative reactions as far as the foundation of personality and plan of explicit examples of conduct intrinsic inside the portrayal of essential and auxiliary characters in a specific game. Fundamentally, there keeps on being a relationship in the manner people determine their inclinations in games with their natural social conduct and capacity to indicate a specific reaction to each subject of a computer game played (Brandtzaeg and Heim, 2009). Seeing these different varieties concerning the capacity to remove encounters and thoughts from computer games, it at that point presents the development of explicit conduct and information sources relying upon the subjects gave. Such activities at that point bring about current assorted variety of games accessible in the market today. As Brandtzaeg and Heim (2009) contend, â€Å"the new electronic gaming scene is perplexing, and comprises of a huge swath of decisions in various game substance kinds custom-made towards a scope of client profiles with respect to exceptionally various interests and substance preferences† (p. 71). These thusly bring about the detailing of explicit conduct that similarly shapes an individual’s character and the way that every one looks to liken this in the plan of their personality and job inside social organizations. Related with the definition of sexual orientation jobs, there are additionally cases of computer games advancing viciousness as subjects in its foundation. Such elements at that point require sway on singular conduct as they attempt to learn explicit propensities towards the acknowledgment of viciousness to be an accepted practice and evident in various situations and condition. Despite the fact that exploration and writing may contend distinctively concerning this position, it additionally goes to show the effect that computer games can give towards the incitement of fierce and forceful inclinations among gamers. Here, it is the thing that Kim alludes to as desensitization of savagery inside computer games class and calls attention to its effect in the plan of sex jobs as well as the acknowledgment of its job inside the improvement of a player’s character (Kim, n. d. ). Under this procedure, there keeps on being new advancements occurring in computer game innovation that associates the desensitization of brutality among comforts. These thus adds to assist presentation and makes a genuine situations wherein players experience a nearly genuine arrangement where brutality as a subject is delineated. Here, Kim (n. d. ) contends that â€Å"as computer games become progressively advanced, there is a wide scope of information gadgets at different degrees of authenticity †from pushing keys on a console to a going wheel to drive or really firing a gun† (p. 5). Such real factors at that point realizes the subject of how such games give the way to investigate intends to relate the way to find out viciousness, videogames and sexual orientation. It considers the estimation of how these subjects pervade inside decisions and capacity to participate in the gaming experience of people. By setting up these connections, it can help dissect the detailing of conduct just as how it relates to the idea of assisting chances to extricate social responsiveness with respect to people who participate in such undertaking. (Jansz, and Vosmeer, 2010). To close, the possibility of sex and computer games have experienced an extension of writing that considers its improvement from a progressively preservationist and manly situated measurement towards the making of games that tries to feature and incite components of decent variety. By assessing these regions, it had the option to unite better intends to connect towards various gamers and permit better methods for access among individuals. Despite the fact that there may even now be relating predisposition sees concerning sexual orientation, it had the option to develop another playing field wherein new games can provide food towards the dynamic needs among gamers. Close by this turn of events, there is likewise the comparing point of view of molding new intends to do viable intends to extricate sex jobs among players. These components show in the subjects and recognitions used by people who dad

Pros and Cons of School Uniforms

Advantages and disadvantages of School Uniforms They come in delicate yellow polo shirts. They come in white shirts. They come in plaid skirts or jumpers. They come in creased jeans, naval force or khaki. They are completely made of solid texture. They come in all sizes. They are school outfits. What's more, regardless of their name,â uniform, which means continuing as before in all cases and consistently, school outfits can in any case appear to be unique starting with one understudy then onto the next. In the course of recent years, school garbs have become a major business. The Statistic Brain Website (2017) checks that 23% of all open and tuition based schools have a uniform approach. That implies there are yearly school uniform deals of over $1.3 million every year, with the normal expense of $249/understudy. School Uniforms Defined Regalia utilized at schools can go from the formal to the casual. A few schools that have actualized them have picked what one as a rule considers in association with private or parochial schools: decent pants and white shirts for young men, jumpers and white shirts for young ladies. Be that as it may, most state funded schools are going to something increasingly easygoing and progressively satisfactory to guardians and understudies: khakis or pants and weave shirts of differing hues. The last gives off an impression of being progressively moderate too on the grounds that they can be utilized outside of school. Many school regions that have actualized outfits have given a type of money related help for families that can not bear the cost of the additional cost. Aces of School Uniforms â€Å"Uniform of a fighter and uniform of an understudy both are similarly required for the nation.†Ã¢â‚¬â€¢Ã‚ Amit Kalantri, (creator) Wealth of Words​ A portion of the explanation offered to help school outfits are the accompanying: Forestalling pack hues, and so on in schoolsDecreasing viciousness and robbery due to apparel and shoesInstilling discipline among studentsReducing requirement for executives and instructors to be garments police (for instance, deciding if shorts are excessively short, etc.)Reducing interruptions for studentsInstilling a feeling of communityHelping schools perceive the individuals who don't have a place nearby The contentions for school garbs rely on their adequacy practically speaking. Recounted data from directors in schools that have actualized uniform arrangements point to the way that they do positively affect discipline and the school. Note that the entirety of coming up next were from center schools. In Long Beach (1995), authorities found that the year after their obligatory program with parental quit was executed, in general school wrongdoing diminished by 36%. All the more as of late, aâ 2012â study found that following a time of having a uniform approach at a center school in Nevada, school police information indicated a 63% diminishing in police log reports. In Seattle, Washington, which has a compulsory strategy with a quit saw an abatement in truancy and tardies. They had likewise not had a revealed episode of robbery. As a last model from Baltimore, Maryland, Rhonda Thompson, an authority from a center school that has a deliberate strategy seen a feeling of earnestness about work. Regardless of whether any of these outcomes can be straightforwardly connected to class regalia is difficult to state. In any case, it very well may be said that something has changed to make the authorities pay heed. We can not limit the happenstance of school regalia with these progressions either. On the off chance that you might want more data about schools that have actualized uniform approaches, see the Department of Educations Manual on School Uniforms. Cons of School Uniforms â€Å"[On school uniforms] Dont these schools do what's necessary harm making every one of these children think the same, presently they need to make them resemble the other the same as well? - George Carlin, humorist A portion of the contentions made against regalia include: Understudies and guardians contend that outfits disregard their opportunity of articulation (see the following page of this article for progressively about what the Supreme Court needs to state on this)Some understudies may decide to communicate their independence through different methods, for example, body puncturing which is more earnestly to regulate.Parents raise worries about the cost.Because garbs single out understudies as being from one school, this may prompt issue with understudies from different schools.Families dread it may meddle with strict attire like yarmulkes.A new strategy for school regalia can be tedious and hard to implement. There are worries that garbs are frequently connected with low-pay, urban school settings. The Institute of Educational Science National Centerâ for Educational Statistics noticed that inâ 2013â€14: A higher level of schools where 76 percent or a greater amount of understudies were qualified for nothing or scaled down value lunch required school garbs than did schools where lower rates of understudies were qualified for nothing or discounted value lunch. Different concerns have been raised by David L. Brunsma, a partner educator of human science at the University of Missouri-Columbia. He dissected information from schools across the country, and distributed research with co-creator, Kerry Ann Rockquemore that reasoned that tenth grade government funded school understudies who wore regalia did no better than the individuals who didn't in participation, conduct, or medication use. End: The adequacy of garbs will be a subject of proceeding with examine as more schools search for answers for financial issues of participation, discipline, tormenting, understudy inspiration, family commitment, or monetary need. And while a school uniform might be just a little piece of the answer for these ills, they do illuminate one significant issue, the clothing standard infringement. As Principal Rudolph Saundersâ explains to Education Week (1/12/2005) that before school outfits, â€Å"I would go through 60 to an hour and a half daily on clothing standard infringement. Obviously, there are consistently those understudies who will attempt to modify a uniform for independence. Skirts can be moved up, jeans can be dipped under the abdomen, and (improper?) messages on T-shirts can even now be perused given traditional shirts. To put it plainly, there is no assurance thatâ student wearing a school uniform will consistently fulfill the clothing regulation guideline. Preeminent Court Rulings In Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School (1969), the court said that an understudies opportunity of articulation in school must be ensured except if it would truly meddle with the necessities of fitting order. In the disagreeing supposition composed by Justice Hugo Black, he stated, If the opportunity has arrived when understudies of state-bolstered schools ... can oppose and ridicule requests of school authorities to keep their brains on their own homework, it is the start of another progressive time of tolerance in this nation cultivated by the legal executive. Understudies are as yet ensured under Tinker. In any case, with an expansion in school brutality and group related exercises, the political atmosphere appears to have turned progressively preservationist, and the Supreme Court has started to return numerous choices back to the prudence of the nearby educational committee. The issue of school outfits itself, be that as it may, has not yet been managed by the Supreme Court. Schools must teach understudies in a protected domain. After some time, instruction has frequently sneaked away as the principle focal point of schools. As we have tragically observed, school wellbeing is such a tremendous issue, that it is difficult to concoct approaches that really work without transforming a school into a jail camp. After the occasions at Columbine High School in 1999 where understudies were singled out incompletely for what they wore, and after various burglaries and murders over architect shoes, it is clear why many school regions need to establish regalia. We should understand that learning can't happen without some feeling of dignity and control. Perhaps organizing school garbs may help bring back that feeling of respectability and permit instructors to do what they are recruited to do: educate. Parent and Student Support for Uniforms Numerous schools have in reality settled on the decision to have understudies wear school outfits. Until the Supreme Court administers in any case, this is altogether up to the school region. In any case, they do even now need to follow state and government hostile to separation laws when they make their polices.Following are a few plans to utilize regalia simpler to acknowledge by understudies and parents:Make garbs increasingly easygoing - pants and a weave shirtAllow understudies an outlet for their own appearance: catches to help political up-and-comers, however not group related paraphernaliaProvide budgetary help to those guardians who can not bear the cost of the uniformsAccommodate understudies strict convictions. This is required by the Religious Freedom Restoration Act.Make your program willful if network pressure is too largeInstitute a quit arrangement. Excluding this would presumably make a court rule against your program except if there is evidence that lesser measures are ineffective.Make outfits a necessary piece of the school wellbeing program.

Hacks and meta-hacks

Hacks and meta-hacks A few nights ago, I was walking down the Infinite Corridor with two of my halls freshmen, when one of them noticed something odd in the Guide to Facilities for Individuals with Disabilities campus map psoted on the wall. You cant really see anything in that picture. But what my friend had noticed was that several of the buildings had tiny stickers on them, picturing hacks that had happened on those buildings in the last few years. I was really entertained by this clever and subtle hack, so I took pictures. Ill also summarize the pictured hacks for you. Its been a while since the Hack Gallery was updated, and only a couple of these hacks have been put in it. Most of the hacks, youll notice, are cross-group, and the team working on the hack often included members of such groups as Jack Florey, James Tetazoo, the Order of Random Knights, the Western Hacking Organization, and/or no group at all. Picture 1: Location: Killian Court Hack: Model rockets distribute fliers over freshman photo Date: Orientation 2003, 2004 Group: Western Hacking Organization (WHO) Location: Great Dome Hack: Wright Flyer Date: December 17, 2003 (the 100th anniversary of airplane flight) Group: None/cross-group Comments: If any of you guys actually read my blogyou were my heroes when I was a frosh! Location: Building 7 Hack: Banner bearing the words The Only put over Massachusetts in Massachusetts Institute of Technology, replacing banner put up by Caltech that said That Other. Date: Campus Preview Weekend 2005 Group: None/cross-group Comments: This was part of the CPW 2005 Caltech vs. MIT hacking war. I remember eating dinner in the 4th West diner at two in the morning with some of the Caltech hackers. Picture 2: Location: MacGregor House Hack: Go Sox banner Date: Either the last playoffs or last World Series, I forget Group: Presumably people from MacGregor, but maybe WHO Location: Strung over Briggs Field between MacGregor and Simmons Hack: I Hate The Flag Policy protest banner Date: February 17, 2004 Group: None/cross-group Comments: Some explanation of the Flag Policy controversy Picture 3: Location: East Campus courtyard Hack: Coffeemate explosion (not really a hack but whatever) Date: Every year during Orientation, occasionally other times Group: Various residents of East Campus Location: Radome of Green Building Hack: Radome turned into weird smiley thing from Hitchhikers Guide series Date: May(?) 2005 (opening day of Hitchhikers Guide movie Group: James Tetazoo, I think Picture 4: Location: Stata Center (side facing Vassar Street) Hack: Giant property of MIT bar code with bars shaped to resemble Stata Center Date: May 2004 (the day Stata was dedicated) Group: None/cross-group Comments: If you look you can find IHTFP in the bars. And the serial number on the banner is the cost of building Stata in scientific notation. Picture 5: Location: Inside of Rockwell Cage Hack: Harvard banner sporting the words Huge Ego on Harvard logo in place of whatever Harvards motto is Date: Campus Preview Weekend 2003 Group: Either WHO or cross-group, Im not sure So yeah, thats nine hacks. The tenth, I suppose, is the meta-hack itself the map. Location: Infinite Corridor Hack: Stickers representing hacks put on campus map Date: September 2005 Group: I have no idea

Hacks and meta-hacks

Hacks and meta-hacks A few nights ago, I was walking down the Infinite Corridor with two of my halls freshmen, when one of them noticed something odd in the Guide to Facilities for Individuals with Disabilities campus map psoted on the wall. You cant really see anything in that picture. But what my friend had noticed was that several of the buildings had tiny stickers on them, picturing hacks that had happened on those buildings in the last few years. I was really entertained by this clever and subtle hack, so I took pictures. Ill also summarize the pictured hacks for you. Its been a while since the Hack Gallery was updated, and only a couple of these hacks have been put in it. Most of the hacks, youll notice, are cross-group, and the team working on the hack often included members of such groups as Jack Florey, James Tetazoo, the Order of Random Knights, the Western Hacking Organization, and/or no group at all. Picture 1: Location: Killian Court Hack: Model rockets distribute fliers over freshman photo Date: Orientation 2003, 2004 Group: Western Hacking Organization (WHO) Location: Great Dome Hack: Wright Flyer Date: December 17, 2003 (the 100th anniversary of airplane flight) Group: None/cross-group Comments: If any of you guys actually read my blogyou were my heroes when I was a frosh! Location: Building 7 Hack: Banner bearing the words The Only put over Massachusetts in Massachusetts Institute of Technology, replacing banner put up by Caltech that said That Other. Date: Campus Preview Weekend 2005 Group: None/cross-group Comments: This was part of the CPW 2005 Caltech vs. MIT hacking war. I remember eating dinner in the 4th West diner at two in the morning with some of the Caltech hackers. Picture 2: Location: MacGregor House Hack: Go Sox banner Date: Either the last playoffs or last World Series, I forget Group: Presumably people from MacGregor, but maybe WHO Location: Strung over Briggs Field between MacGregor and Simmons Hack: I Hate The Flag Policy protest banner Date: February 17, 2004 Group: None/cross-group Comments: Some explanation of the Flag Policy controversy Picture 3: Location: East Campus courtyard Hack: Coffeemate explosion (not really a hack but whatever) Date: Every year during Orientation, occasionally other times Group: Various residents of East Campus Location: Radome of Green Building Hack: Radome turned into weird smiley thing from Hitchhikers Guide series Date: May(?) 2005 (opening day of Hitchhikers Guide movie Group: James Tetazoo, I think Picture 4: Location: Stata Center (side facing Vassar Street) Hack: Giant property of MIT bar code with bars shaped to resemble Stata Center Date: May 2004 (the day Stata was dedicated) Group: None/cross-group Comments: If you look you can find IHTFP in the bars. And the serial number on the banner is the cost of building Stata in scientific notation. Picture 5: Location: Inside of Rockwell Cage Hack: Harvard banner sporting the words Huge Ego on Harvard logo in place of whatever Harvards motto is Date: Campus Preview Weekend 2003 Group: Either WHO or cross-group, Im not sure So yeah, thats nine hacks. The tenth, I suppose, is the meta-hack itself the map. Location: Infinite Corridor Hack: Stickers representing hacks put on campus map Date: September 2005 Group: I have no idea

A Research Study On Cancer Registry History - 1338 Words

Cancer Registry History A cancer registry is an information system that collects, maintains, storages, and analyses data on people with cancer. Cancer data is important to healthcare world. Physicians, researchers, legislators, medical students, epidemiologists, and public health planners rely on this data. Researchers need it to study possible causes of cancer and doctors need it to decide the best course of treatment for their patient. The major purposes are: †¢ to establish and maintain a cancer incidence reporting system; †¢ to be an informational resource for the investigation of cancer and its causes; and †¢ to provide information to assist public health officials and agencies in the planning and evaluation of cancer prevention and†¦show more content†¦(WellStar Cancer Network, 2015) Mailing Letters This process includes separating patient and doctor letters and placing them in the correct envelope. The purpose is to receive recent follow ups on patients who have or did have cancer. Procedure 1. Obtain letters from the appropriate employee. 2. Separate doctor letters from patient letters. a. Doctor letters will say â€Å"Dear Dr. Smith†. 3. Fold the letter hotdog style in half leaving about  ½ inch at top. 4. Fold the letter again leaving the â€Å"Dear __________† showing at the very bottom. 5. Obtain two envelopes for patient letters. a. Envelope that states â€Å"Follow Up Program. This is not a Bill†. b. Envelope that states â€Å"Oncology Data Center† with a stamp on the top right corner. 6. Obtain two envelopes for doctor letters. a. Envelope that states â€Å"Wellstar Kennestone Hospital† in the top left corner only. b. Envelope that states â€Å"Oncology Data Center† with no stamp in top right corner. 7. Place the patient and doctor letters in the appropriate envelope. 8. Verify the patient letters are in the patient envelopes and the doctor letters are in the doctor envelopes. 9. Place the letters in the mail room on the desk. Follow Ups The purpose of follow ups is to monitor the statuses of patients in the cancer registry. The American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer is to maintain a 90% follow up rate of

Descriptive Essay Peek A Boo - 1033 Words

Her soft blue eyes gaze out the glass windows as she watches the sun play ‘peek-a-boo’ behind the lush green trees. Sleekly, she winds down the clear barrier and allows the gentle morning breeze blow her bleached blond hair. â€Å"Olivia we’re here†, says Dad. A sudden jolt rushes down her back. She bites her lips. Her rosy cheeks start to loose colour faster than a blink of an eye. â€Å"Breathe Olivia, it’s going to be ok,† she tells herself. Haltingly she steps out of her father s Jet Black Volkswagen. â€Å"Good Luck†, wishes her Dad. She forces a weak smile as she pushes the door shut with her frail hands. Step by step she starts walking towards the main entrance. Her eyes widen in disbelief. She looks up and sees an enormous two-story building,†¦show more content†¦Her shaky hands graciously accept the handshake. She notices a strange strip of blue paint covers Stacy’s right hand but, she chooses to ignore it. She lets out a sigh of relief. Olivia carefully hands the scrunched piece of paper to Stacy. â€Å"Aah, you have math with me!† They approach a yellow door dressed in math symbols that warmly greet them inside. A decent sized room with navy blue carpet and desks symmetrically set in pairs awaits them. â€Å"Come sit next to me,† says Stacy. Olivia follows Stacy down to the back of the class. They sit close to the back door. Eagerly she watches as her new classmates walk in. A tiny fair skinned woman walks in. She’s dressed in a lilac purple skirt and a white blouse. â€Å"Good Morning† she welcomes the class. â€Å"This is Miss Brown by the way,† says Stacy. â€Å"She’s really nice†. Olivia smiles â€Å"she seems nice†. Miss Brown starts doing the roll â€Å"Oh, It seems like we have a new student in our class† Her chocolate brown eyes look directly at Olivia. A rush of heat turns Olivia face blood red. â€Å"Hi† she squeaks. The whole entire class inspects Olivia. She can feel herself slowly sinking back into her hoodie. â€Å"Welcome to St Andrews you re going to enjoy it here† Miss Brown s smiles and carries on with class. â€Å"Hahaha† Olivia turns and sees Stacy laughing. â€Å"I’ll tell you right now, this school is horrible and you re going to hate it,† says Stacy. Olivia stares at Stacy

The Meaning of Professional Term Paper Writers

The Meaning of Professional Term Paper Writers The Professional Term Paper Writers Stories There's, clearly, a limit on the variety of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. A term paper is a sizable task which takes a great deal of time and energy, and it plays an important part in your final grade. Getting prepared for the future is vital to a thriving career, but it is not feasible to organize everything. The majority of the students are facing problem in paper writing since they lack the capability to assemble relevant information from various sources, together with facing more problem in framing part. As a result, if you are aware that you cannot compose a great paper by yourself, and you've limited time to finish the assignment, you should employ expert assistance. Thus, you're likely to find the essay based on your requirements. If you are operating out of time by mean s of your term paper, you're on the ideal site in order to help you. Possessing a written guarantee is a vital point. Each and every customized term paper writer is aware of what to do when it has to do with completing a superb essay or a dissertation. It is essential to discover your highest possible duration papers are proofread on plagiarism. If you're unable to finish your term paper writing assignment on your own, you don't have to worry, you can purchase term paper online from us with a single click. The manner you may locate a dependable term paper writing service comes in a number of forms. Actually, a seasoned writer can do the job much faster than any student as they've been writing academic assignments during their entire life. Limited time is yet another challenge that lots of students normally face. Our online writing establishment was made to help students complete their academic tasks easily. If you are like most other students, you don't have a lot of time for creative writing and conducting an exhaustive research. Choosing Professional Term Paper Writers Our term paper writing service certainly requires the lead on the industry. With a couple of tweaks, you will acquire well-written work that satisfies your expectations. Our services are made to fulfill any deadline for our customers. Our special term paper authoring expertise explain to you how to ignore uninspiring projects you don't would love to carry out at this time. Guarantee that that you are having to cover excellent writers in the event that you will cover essays. Students have the ability to purchase essay related books from the world wide web and can get in touch with the expert essay authors in case of any doubts. The expert writers at are prepared to assist you with all your. It's possible for you to give us any topic you require, and we'll quickly find you the seasoned writer who's a specialist in a given theme. When you've researched on a particular topic , you're expected to use a particular citation style. A term paper is among the most crucial tasks students get at the close of the semester. A superb term paper is one which will permit you receive the best grades to take you to the next level. Writing a term paper isn't the simplest task you make it in college. Completing a term paper can be a tough endeavor for a student. Lies You've Been Told About Professional Term Paper Writers A whole lot of research paper businesses have emerged on the internet to cater to the write my. At any time you purchase a paper from us, you're guaranteed quality which is worth your money. So you decided that you want to come across a skilled research paper writer and have opted to look online. Our on-line essay writers have a lot of knowledge in searching plenty of information, so you shouldn't get worried the simple fact that newspaper is going to be put together superficially. Our customized paper writing service includes a money-back g uarantee. Our exclusive affordable term paper writing service provides the student with lots of of diverse opportunities for any sort of term papers. When you purchase term papers at experienced custom writing service, you can be guaranteed to find the help that's well worth every penny. What's more, you have the very best term papers at the most economical prices. Otherwise, perhaps you ought to look elsewhere. Our writers research the greatest in the company, and we think their rate of pay should reflect that. Quite simply, you've got to for well-known writing firms.

Accounting and Its Relevance

Question: Indicate the main purposes of management accounting and its relevance to the management of organisations. Answer: Introduction In this report, discussion will be mainly based on management costing concept, its impact on the management in taking strategic decision and how it differs from the financial costing. While understanding the concept of management accounting an in-depth knowledge of various types of cost is required to be required. After that, all the costs are identified and categorized. Then budget for the upcoming year is to be prepared based on the cost and production level analysis (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). Then after the actual performance during the whole year, variance analysis is made between budgeted cost and actual cost where the reasons for variances are identified and reported to the management. Financial Accounting and Management Accounting Financial accounting is based on various accounting standards, which an organization must comply in order to present a transparent financial statement with the users. Whereas management accounting is concerned with the operation report that helps the management to understand the present financial position of the company and make strategic plans for future (Horngren et al. 2013). For example, the cost of not meeting demands or opportunity cost is not reflected in financial accounting but it is reflected in management accounting so that management can understand what would have been there actual profit if they had been able to meet their demands fully. Whenever any new software is to be implemented, management must consider all the factors of it which will affect the financial accounting as well as management accounting. Financial accounting tends to report on the entire business of the organization where management accounting provides a detailed analysis of product line, cost allocation between various products (Deegan 2012). Financial accounting mainly focuses on the profitability of the organization whereas management accounting indentifies the causes of problem related to the operation and help in finding ways to fix them. In financial accountings records are required to be preserved to prove that financial statements are prepared in consistency with accounting policies whereas management accounts deals with future forecast and decision making aspects of the organization (Edwards 2013). It includes budget and variance analysis. In case of financial accounting, financial statement is required to be prepared at the end of accounting period that may be quarterly, half yearly or yearly whereas in management accounting reporting is made to the board of directors frequently so that they can make strategic planning with the latest report. Classification of Cost Cost and revenue are the two important aspects based on which the completely financial statement is prepared. Either every item in the financial statement is a cost incurred by the company or revenue generate from sale of goods and service (DRURY 2013). Therefore, classification of cost is very important so that financial statement reflects the true picture of the organizational performance. Cost can be classified as follows: Committed fix cost: Committed fix cost are those type of fix cost, which has been committed to be incurred in future. For example, monthly salary paid to employees, office rent and warehouse rent. These costs are relevant for long term planning and not for short term planning (Ramanathan 2014). These costs do not vary with the production level and is reduced per unit when production level increases. Sunk Cost: These are cost which have already been incurred and nothing can be done. For example, non-refundable down payment, which has already been, paid to purchase machinery which will be forfeited if the machinery is not purchased. These costs are irrelevant for decision-making purpose. Slab fixed cost: This type of cost is fixed up to a certain level after that it increases and remain fixed again up to a certain level (Balakrishnan, Labro and Soderstrom 2014). For examples, number of nurses required is 4 for 100 patients or part thereof. So whenever the number of patients increases above 100, number of nurses required is 8. Discretionary fix cost: This type of fix cost is relevant to any decision making. For example, if any new proposal is to be accepted by the management for the ideal capacity it have then it may have to incur certain fix cost, which is specific to the new proposal. Opportunity cost: It is the contribution lost for not producing one product because of producing any other product in its place. This cost is to be taken into account while taking any new proposal i.e. it is relevant for decision-making purpose. It is also known as shadow cost (Fullerton, Kennedy and Widener, 2013). Whenever decision is to be taken for any other alternative then net evaluation of the product is to be computed based on shadow price based on that decision is to be taken. Variable cost: Variable costs are those changes with the production level. It is relevant for short term as well as long term since they are measured per unit. It is fixed per unit of goods sold whereas fixed cost per unit changes with increase in production level. For examples raw material per unit, labour cost per unit and other cost which are measured per unit. Marginal Cost: It is the cost of producing one additional unit of a product. Marginal costing is used to compute profit volume ratio, breakeven point (Ward 2012). It is relevant for short-term decision making by the management. Management must do breakeven analysis whenever any new investment is to be made. Budget Budget is required to be prepared before starting any business and every year so that management can have an idea of the cost and revenue structure of upcoming year. Budget is prepared and presented to the management as an estimation of various cost and the profitability of the company given a particular production level. Zero Based Budgeting (ZBB) is the starting point of preparing budget. First the cost centres are to be identified then flexible budget is to be prepared, then identify the principal budget factor. After that functional budget is to be prepared and at last variances are to be computed. In this process, traditional budget is to be prepared and then differences are adjusted with functional budget as budget allowances (Otley and Emmanuel 2013). Now after six or seven years the budget will not reflect the exact position of the business. Hence, to get back the original budget performance the budgeting process will again start from zero i.e. identification of cost centre, flexi budget and so on and for this purpose budget allowance are not considered. This whole process is known as ZBB. However, this process is costly and time consuming. Operational budget is a plan for the expenditure to be incurred in future. For example, operational budget typically includes anticipated labour and material cost. Operational budget are of various types: Flexi Budget: In this type of budget production cost is anticipated for various production level based and profitability is determined based on that, it is decided to commence production at a particular level (Strumickas and Valanciene 2015). The structure of flexi budget consists of fixed cost that are fixed at every production level, semi variable cost which means some portion of the cost is fixed while some portion is variable and variable cost which varies with the level of production like material and labour cost. Cash budget: In this type of budget the cash inflow and outflow during the entire year is shown on a monthly basis. It starts with opening cash balance during the month that is the closing balance of the previous month. After that all cash inflows like cash sales, recovered from debtors and other cash receipts are added with the opening balance (Parker 2012). Then all the cash outflows like cash purchase, payment to creditors and other cash expenses are to be deducted to arrive at the closing cash balance for the month, which is then carried forward to the next month. Production Budget: It determines the number of units required to be produced to meet the demand, which takes into account the principal budget factor or bottleneck factor.Raw material purchase budget: It determines the units of raw material required to be purchased for producing at a particular level of capacity. It also determines the amount of amount required for the purchase of raw material. Labour budget: It determines the amount if labour cost, number of labour required and takes into account the labour down time and labour idleness Master budget: This type of budget is takes into account and covers all the aspects in an organization that is why it is called master budget. All those costs which are relevant for any decision making is known as relevant cost like variable cost, opportunity cost and discretionary fix cost and are considered while preparing master budget (CPA and Shi 2016). It takes into account all the budgets discussed above. Standard Costing and variance analysis Standard Cost means should be cost for actual units produced. It is never possible that estimated cost and production unit is the same as actual cost and production units that is why the concept of standard costing came, which involves determination of revenue and cost on the basis of benchmarking. Based on these variances is calculated comparing actual cost with standard cost. Variance is calculated for sales, volume and all types of cost. Variances are further sub divided into rate variances, usage variance and ideal capacity variance. Rate variance is the difference in actual and standard cost due to change in estimated rates (ker and AdÄ ±gzel 2016). Usage variance is the difference between actual and standard cost due to change in estimated consumption of units. Ideal cost variance is used while calculating variances for labour, variable and fixed overhead. It is the cost for which payment has to be made but no production of goods will occur due to labour down time. In case of sales, sales price variance means the difference between standard sales and actual sales due to change in the estimated sales price. Sales volume variance means the difference between actual sales and standard sales due to change in estimated sales volume whereas profit values variance means the change in profit due to change in estimated volume. Variances are further categorized into material mix and yield variance, labour gang variance, capacity and sub capacity variance, margin variance, operational and planning variances that are required for detailed analysis of variances (Wild and Shaw 2013). All the variances are adjusted with the budgeted profit to get the actual profit. Variances are of two types favourable variance and unfavourable variance. Favourable are those, which are good for the organization whereas unfavourable variances are those, which are not good for the organization. Favourable variances occur when actual cost is less than the standard cost, actual revenue is more than the standard revenue or actual production units are more than estimated production units. Unfavourable variances occurs when actual cost is more than standard cost, actual revenue is less than standard revenue or actual production units are less than estimated production units (Bedford and Sandelin 2015). Revenue and all type of cost can have either favourable or unfavourable variance except for ideal cost variance, which is always unfavourable. This analysis of variances is to be reported to the management on regular interval so that they can take decision based on information and take steps to minimize unfavourable variance Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that management accounting is for internal purpose whereas financial accounting is for external purpose. Cost are mainly of four types fixed cost, variable cost, semi variable cost and slab fixed cost which can be further classified into relevant and non relevant. Budget is a very essential part of management accounting that is why it is required to be prepared every year. Based on budget and actual cost incurred during the year variance analysis is made which may be either favourable or non-favourable and reported to management for decision making purpose References Balakrishnan, R., Labro, E. and Soderstrom, N.S., 2014. Cost structure and sticky costs.Journal of Management Accounting Research,26(2), pp.91-116. Bedford, D.S. and Sandelin, M., 2015. Investigating management control configurations using qualitative comparative analysis: an overview and guidelines for application.Journal of Management Control,26(1), pp.5-26. CPA, A.B. and Shi, Y., 2016. LEANING AWAY FROM STANDARD COSTING.Strategic Finance,97(12), p.38. Deegan, C., 2012.Australian financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. DRURY, C.M., 2013.Management and cost accounting. Springer. Edwards, J.R., 2013.A History of Financial Accounting (RLE Accounting)(Vol. 29). Routledge. Fullerton, R.R., Kennedy, F.A. and Widener, S.K., 2013. Management accounting and control practices in a lean manufacturing environment.Accounting, Organizations and Society,38(1), pp.50-71. Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Schatzberg, J.O. and Burgstahler, D., 2013.Introduction to management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015.Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning. ker, F. and AdÄ ±gzel, H., 2016. Timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ driven activityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based costing: An implementation in a manufacturing company.Journal of Corporate Accounting Finance,27(3), pp.39-56. Otley, D. and Emmanuel, K.M.C., 2013.Readings in accounting for management control. Springer. Parker, L.D., 2012. Qualitative management accounting research: Assessing deliverables and relevance.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,23(1), pp.54-70. Ramanathan, S., 2014.Accounting for Management: A Basic Text in Financial and Management Accounting. Oxford University Press. Strumickas, M. and Valanciene, L., 2015. Research of management accounting changes in Lithuanian business organizations.Engineering Economics,63(4). Ward, K., 2012.Strategic management accounting. Routledge. Wild, J. and Shaw, K., 2013.Managerial accounting. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Affirmative Action misc3 essays

Affirmative Action misc3 essays Affirmative action is described as the term meant taking appropriate steps to eradicate the then widespread practices of racial, religious, and ethnic discrimination. The history of affirmative action starts a long time before this definition was stated during the early 1960's. It starts back to the Declaration of Independence where it states all men are created equal. It moves toward the Emancipation Proclamation, the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments which involved the freeing of slaves, abolishing slavery, conferred citizenship on all persons born in the United States, and guaranteeing voting rights to all citizens. There were also many court cases that helped move forth into affirmative action. A few examples would be Buchanan v. Warley, Plessy v. Ferguson, and Brown v. Board of Education. The latter court case was a real firestorm over affirmative action, which ruled that all local, state, and federal laws that enforced segregation in education was striked down. President John F. Kennedy first used the phrase "Affirmative Action" when he issued Executive Order 10952. This order created the Equal Opportunity Commission or the EEOC and contractors on projects financed with federal funds to "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, ant employees are treated during their employment without regard to race, creed, color, or national origin." President Kennedy also pushed for more legislation but was not alive to see it go through. Proceeding Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson took over the fight and pushed for the passing of Civil Rights Act of 1964, which barred discrimination in the variety of private and public settings. It included prohibiting discrimination in private facilities, outlawed discrimination in federally-funded-programs, and prohibited discrimination by both private and public employers and so forth. Still under Johnson's control, the Executive Order 11246, placed the responsibility for a...

Free Essays on Reflective Essay

All of my life I’ve wanted to be an officer of the law, more specifically an R.C.M.P. Though as my life went on and I grew older I realized that these goals maybe unreachable. So I set out in the world of finding a career that would satisfy my financial and family needs, and personal goals. In the next few paragraphs I will try to describe how my work history never compared to my goals and expectations of my dreams, and hopefully come to some conclusions on where they lead me. My dream of being a police officer started at a very young age, as a child playing I was always a cop, never the bad guy, or every time I passed a police cruiser or officer of the law I was astonished at the man in the uniform, not the man, but â€Å"the uniform† was a symbol of lawfulness to me. All through my growing years I respected the â€Å"uniform†, and what it stood for. As I grew older I began more and more to realize that this was the career for me, as I’ve always felt a need for helping people and my community. I started out at the age of nine learning about a new world, work. I was a stock boy in my father’s store, in a busy part of the city. where it was a common place for police officers to grab a snack or just do a routine check. In this line of business there was a high rate of theft, vandalism, and loitering, which gave me the opportunity to see first hand a police officer at work. In turn this made my dream closer to a reality in what I really wanted to do in life. After high school not knowing what the world would offer or what I could offer it, because I never finished high school ,four credits short of my degree, and swore I would never return. So I set out in this world of work, I thought maybe I would put the love of my woodworking to use and perhaps become a carpenter. Well I thought this would be right up my alley, to my surprise, when I found out it’s not like playing around in the garage. I was up to my knees ... Free Essays on Reflective Essay Free Essays on Reflective Essay All of my life I’ve wanted to be an officer of the law, more specifically an R.C.M.P. Though as my life went on and I grew older I realized that these goals maybe unreachable. So I set out in the world of finding a career that would satisfy my financial and family needs, and personal goals. In the next few paragraphs I will try to describe how my work history never compared to my goals and expectations of my dreams, and hopefully come to some conclusions on where they lead me. My dream of being a police officer started at a very young age, as a child playing I was always a cop, never the bad guy, or every time I passed a police cruiser or officer of the law I was astonished at the man in the uniform, not the man, but â€Å"the uniform† was a symbol of lawfulness to me. All through my growing years I respected the â€Å"uniform†, and what it stood for. As I grew older I began more and more to realize that this was the career for me, as I’ve always felt a need for helping people and my community. I started out at the age of nine learning about a new world, work. I was a stock boy in my father’s store, in a busy part of the city. where it was a common place for police officers to grab a snack or just do a routine check. In this line of business there was a high rate of theft, vandalism, and loitering, which gave me the opportunity to see first hand a police officer at work. In turn this made my dream closer to a reality in what I really wanted to do in life. After high school not knowing what the world would offer or what I could offer it, because I never finished high school ,four credits short of my degree, and swore I would never return. So I set out in this world of work, I thought maybe I would put the love of my woodworking to use and perhaps become a carpenter. Well I thought this would be right up my alley, to my surprise, when I found out it’s not like playing around in the garage. I was up to my knees ...

Leadership and Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Leadership and Entrepreneurship - Essay Example They create visions and goals to be achieved in a pre-determined amount of time and lay down rules to be followed by their employees / followers in order to attain those goals. For a business to be a successful venture, it is of utmost significance that its leader is a visionary. Considering future as an inevitable element of planning for an organizational strategy is thus, one of the crucial factors while aiming for the desired goals set by these leaders. The success of any organization is largely dependent on the various leadership styles, attributes, models applied during the process of achieving organizational goals, irrespective of the size, type or nature of the said business. The various leadership styles, models and attributes as well as the uncertainty of environmental factors in connection with Small and Medium Enterprises, as observed through various research findings and case studies are discussed elaborately in the following sections (Bass, Bernard, 2001). The term SME refers to Small and Medium Sized Enterprise which employs fewer than 250 people, has an annual turnover of EUR 50 million or less or an annual balance sheet total, not more than EUR 43 million as per the Recommendation of the European Commission Some of the common leadership issues faced by SMEs include, lack of clear/ explicit vision and direction, focus on operational v/s strategic activity, no proper delegation of authority, shortage of time for personal development of the leader, lack of recognition of the need for self development, lack of time for or attention to team development. The process of rational strategic decision making in SMEs requires a long-term stable attitude towards risk. Thus the process of leadership in such small and medium sized enterprises should be future oriented, so as to encompass the various strategic obstacles that these firms might have to encounter in the long run.

Bachelor's degree obtaining Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bachelor's degree obtaining - Research Paper Example † written by Marty Nemko and Charles Murray, they express their ideas and they believe that the aspiration to achieve a bachelor's degree is not worthwhile for all students. Their views are very contrary to my point of view. A bachelor's degree is very important and needed by everyone. It is indeed worthwhile for all students to get their bachelor’s degree because of the many advantages the degree offers to each and every individual, especially in today’s world. In the essay â€Å"America’s Most Overrated Product: The Bachelor’s Degree† written by Nemko, a career counselor, columnist, and radio host based in Oakland, he expresses the idea that the goal of obtaining bachelor’s degree is not worthwhile for all students. He claims that most of the students today are not good students, but they just want to prove to the others that they can get the bachelor’s degree. Many students take it really long time to finish their education. S ome of them are even dropouts from school. These days many students do pass the examinations but eventually they do not really understand what it is all about. Nemko has noted that nowadays 40% of freshmen do not graduate from their school even in 6 years. Eventually, the college graduates of today’s time are compelled to take up some unprofessional jobs that they really do not want to join. The job that they get is not the job that they dream of. College and universities nowadays are like businesses and the students who are study there are the cost item (Nemko). Many institutions educate their students in the cheapest way. They do not teach their students in the way they should teach them. Normally, these educational institutions have many large lecture classes, but only a handful of good teachers are available. The teachers who are appointed by these institutions are hired because of their research potential and not because they have the ability or the inclination to teach the students. It would be better for colleges to hold much higher standards for their education. This might cause them to cost much more and it will require more time for the students to get their degree. But when someone is conferred the degree, it would prove to be something of great value to their lives. Nowadays, most people who are new graduates and have been selected for jobs lack the essential skill sets required for what the job description demands from the selected candidate. This goes on to show the insignificance or the lack of true value of the degree they have been conferred on. The author has also been of the opinion that college selection should ideally be a wise choice for students and that very few students are actually currently encouraged to make such crucial considerations. He opines that it is better for someone to pursue their education and not get their degree if they are forced to take it. On the other hand, the essay â€Å"Should the Obama Greneration Drop Out?† written by Murray, a scholar at American Enterprise Institute, also expresses the same idea that the goal of obtaining bachelor’s degree is not worthwhile for all students. In his essay, he discusses Obama’s ideas. Obama’s idea is about expanding the use of community colleges and tuition tax credits (Murray). The bachelor’s degree has nowadays become one of the foremost criteria for most jobs. Again, it is imperative that making the bachelor’

Investigating The Importance Of WAN Technologies Information Technology Essay

Investigating The Importance Of WAN Technologies Information Technology Essay Wide area network is very important to the global to do their work easily now days every companies trying to develop their business all over the world wide area network helps them to connect their network together .the companies need to design the network according to their needs and purpose because different type of networks are available for different purpose. According to this project the company network placed in different countries each network hold different application Different type of architecture models is available to design network one is peer to peer model and another one is client/server model most of the network designed by using client/server model. peer to peer model is connect two or more computers connected through network this model is unsafe because it is difficult to implement security policies .different network topologies are available to design network so we have to consider these topologies when design a network. Normally every companies using star topology to design their network because this topology have more advantage when compare with other topologies various hardware components need to design a network such as switches, routers, firewalls, server, linkect By using Ethernet technologies and other network technologies several LAN (local area network) is created in different countries then each subnet LAN was connected together via ATM cloud to make WAN (wide area network) In this project company network model was designed in opnet modeller to investigate the performance of a network looking at WAN technologies with varying traffic loads there are different type of link used to implement the traffic load the network was designed up to getting the final result LITERATURE REVIEW Computer network Computer network is more than one computers or group of computers and network devices are connected together for the purpose sharing information, file and data between each computer. Different type of devices need to design a computer network such as switches, hubs, routers, different link, firewall, server and work station Protocols are use to do sharing information, files, datas over the network there are two transmission technology available in computer network one is broadcast and another is point to point connection. Computer network classified according to network architecture (peer to peer model, client/server mode), network topology (star topology, ring topology, bus topology and mesh network topology).computer network it is classified as personal area network (PAN), local area network (LAN),metropolitan area network(MAN),wide area network(WAN),global area network(GAN) Computer network is very useful to the public because it has many applications such as access to remote information by using this application any one can do their work from anywhere in the world( ticket reservation ,shopping), communication between one to another through email, videoconferencing. Business application Different type of computer network Local area network (LAN) Local area network (LAN) is less number or group of computers and related devices such as printer, scanner etc that share a common communication line.lan is considered within a small geographical area such as a home, office building here LAN is designed by using Ethernet technology such as Ethernet cables, Ethernet switches and adapters. Local area network (LAN) performance features are depending on size of the network, network topologies and transmission technology. Advantage of LAN is cover small geographical area so transmission time is limited. Different type of topologies is support to create broadcast LAN network such as bus and ring based topologies. FIDD is used in the LAN for connect token ring. IEEE 802.11standad indicates the local area network technologies. [Andrew s] Metropolitan area network (MAN) Metropolitan area network (MAN) is developed version of LAN and this network also using same technologies as LAN, compare with LAN it cover large area (company offices and city).this network carrying voice signal and dates. MAN network contain few cables it dont have any switching elements, by using network technologies such as backbone technology, routers and switches it connect several LAN networks. DQDB (distributed queue dual bus) is MAN network standard by using this standard we can expand the network up to 30km and speeds of 34 to 155 Mbit/s Wide area network (WAN) Wide area network (WAN) comparatively covers wide geographical (country or continent) area and connecting number of local area network, local area network connected to a WAN through the public net work such as internet.WAN network can use is satellite system, WAN routers contain antenna by using antenna it can make data transmission. Switching device and transmission link are two separate mechanism of subnet in the WAN network. Different type of transmission link are available to carry the signals and data transmission from one system to another system over the WAN network such as twisted pair cable, coaxial cable and fiber optic cable. WAN is a collection of LAN, these LANs are connected via switching device router so each LAN must contain at least one router to interconnect. WAN network use backbone technology. Global area network (GAN) Global area network (GAN) is collection of different network such as WAN or MAN it covers the very large geographical area (unlimited area). Worldwide individual business companies use GAN network for their process. Network architecture model Client-server network model Client- server model is very useful and popular network model in the network architecture client and server devices are designed for the particular function in the computer network client server model mainly used in internet as well as local area network. Personal computers are client device in the network it is installed with required network software; database and files are stored in the server devices, server devices contain more memory, bigger disk drive than client devices The client server model client makes a request to server and server receives client request and response to their client request. Advantage of client-server model is centralised network model it means all users in the network are connected to a central server. Central server contains all user information and communication information. Configuration of data backup, security policies are easy in this model Peer to peer network model Peer to peer network is suitable for a small network in this model more than one computer or group of computers are connected through the network .peer nodes sharing their documents, audio, video file and datas in digital format a and also they sharing their resource without a dedicated server all connected peers act as either client or server. One system acts as server for one transaction while simultaneously act as client for another transaction in this model every client act as server and server act as client. It is complicated to apply security policies and access policies to the network because peer to peer network is a small contain few computers. Access permission and rights of users set individuality in peer to peer network. This model do not utilize centralized network model so it dont have any user information or communication information NETWORK TOPOLOGIES Different network topologies are available in computer networking they are star topology, bus topology, ring topology, tree topology and mesh topology these topologies help to design an excellent network. when design a network designer should have to choose which topology is suitable for the particular network Ring topology Ring topology is used to connect network devices in ring shape when these devices in ring shape each device has two neighbour devices for their message transaction this message transaction between neighbour only one direction. Ring topology use token passing system to their message transmission and access control. Main drawback of this method is any device fails in network ring that cause entire network transmission become failure this kind of network can manage and implement easily and it normally uses in office, school network different technologies are available to implement ring topology such as token ring and FDDI Star topology Most of the network use star topology because implementation and maintains of this network is easily this kind of networks use point to point connection between devices and central hub main advantage of star topology is any connection fail between device and hub that affect only particular device. This network devices use twisted pair Ethernet cable to connect with central device hub Bus topology Bus topology mainly used in LAN networks because these kinds of topology suitable for limited number of device bus topology use backbone to connect all devices together backbone function as connect different part of network and offering path to message transmission between network. Implementation of this topology is easy and inexpensive. It is possible to message transmission in both directions, to avoid message bouncing use termination at both end of the bus cable there is no need more cabling to connect devices. Main disadvantage of this topology is if backbone cable fails that affect whole network Tree topology Tree topology combines multiple several star topologies together into a bus by using point to point connection hub devices linked to the tree bus to develop network scalability bus/star topology in a hybrid approach. Implementation of this topology is very difficult, if backbone cable file whole network become failure advantage of this topology is each parts connected by point to point link and it supported by a number of hardware and software vendor. Network components Hardware and software components need to create a network there are different type of hardware components available in the network each of them configured for different function. Usually a network contains many components such as switch, router, server, firewall, hub, work stationest. Router Router is one of the important devices in the network it is used to connect more than one network together such as two WANs or two LANs and it allow data transmission between the networks. Routers having routing tables it contain information about network devices that uses to find the destination place of the network. Routers work at transport and network layer of the OSI reference model. Routers maintain traffic control in the network. Switch Switch is one of the hardware devices in the network it is used to connect network device such as server, workstation and printers together with in a local area network .switches work at the data link layer of the OSI reference model. Switches have a facility to check whether that the data received or not, delivering the messages to correct destination and also identifying that the particular data was transferred from which device (source) to other device (destination).`different type of Ethernet switches are available but in this network i have used Ethernet 16 port switches to connect network devices. Server In the client/server networking model a server receive requests from client in the same network or other network and response client request. There are different types of server with their related configuration. In this network i have used many servers such as database server, Email server, VoIP server, HTTP server, FTP server, file server, printer server and backup server. Firewall Main task of the firewall is preventing unprivileged user from accessing the network. There is different type of firewalls such as packet filter firewall, application gateway and proxy server each of them doing different job in the network .firewall implemented in some hardware devices. In this project i have used firewall router in a simulation. Open system interconnection (OSI) model OSI reference model is clearly defined how messages transmitted from source to destination in the networking. OSI reference model contain seven layers such as application layer, presentation layer, session layer, Trans port layer, network layer, data link layer and presentation layer. This model describes structure of a network for applying protocol on seven layers. Every layers doing different function. This model spited into tow part such as upper layers and lower layers. Upper layers associated with software and lower layers associated with hardware. Application layer Application layer is highest layer of OSI reference model. Main function of this layer is interface for users to relate with application and identifying end user, verify resource availability. By using application users can access information at application layer. Application layer providing some services such as file transfer, electronic mail and software services. Many Protocols are implemented in this layer such as file transfer protocol (FTP), hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP), simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP) and telnet. Presentation layer Presentation layer is sixth layer of the OSI reference model this layer receives all messages from application and sends those messages to session layer. Main function of this layer is converting the format of receiving and sending data format and also many functions are undertaking by this layer such as data compression, encryption, decryption, protocol conversation and encodes message for email transaction. Presentation layer providing some services such as simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP), telnet and file transfer protocol (FTP). At this layer data transmission starts with syntax and semantics format. Session layer Fifth layer of the OSI reference model is session layer it provides function to communicate between two nodes in the network this layer create, maintain and stop connection between the node and few protocols are implemented they are data link protocol (DLP), apple talk session protocol (ASP) and printer access control protocol (PAP) these protocols are mainly uses to multimedia messages. Transport layer Data link layer Data link layer is second layer of the OSI reference model the use of this layer is control and arranges all sending messages from software to network link. This layer makes some network setting such as data format setting, time setting and wire setting. it gives many services such as keep all messages are correct format when they transmit, maintain flow control when messages transmit over the link ,detecting error in physical layer and encoding messages for secure transaction. Physical layer Physical layer is lowest layer of the OSI reference model. This layer receives all messages from data link layer in the format of bits and converts into signal (electrical or electromagnetic signal).messages are sending to physical media via switches and wires TCP/IP model TCP/IP model contain four network layers such as application layer, transport layer, internet layer and network inter face layer. TCP/IP model and OSI reference models are providing similar services.TCP/IP model contain network communication protocol used to for different type data transmission between different networks. Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP), used to Email transaction, file transfer protocol (FTP) used to file transaction etc. This model defines how particular protocols are implemented in a computer for data transmission over the network. End to end connectivity of the TCP/IP model define how datas received, routed and formatted at end nodes. TCP/IP application layer Application layer is higher level protocol of TCP/IP model this layer match to OSI reference model of session layer, application layer and presentation layer. This layer gives different services to user such as file transfer, email ect. Application layer contain many protocol such as simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP), file transfer protocol (FTP) and telnet. All datas are coded in this layer then these datas encapsulated into transport layer. Lower level layers of TCP/IP model treat by application layer. Transport layer Transport layer is third layer of TCP/IP model. This layer providing services these services are managed by the user datagram protocol (UDP) and transmission control protocol (TCP). TCP is connection oriented and reliable transmission protocol. Connection oriented it means source (sender) set up connection with destination (receiver) node before the sending data. Error detection, error correction retransmission of datas is possible in TCP. UDP is connection less and unreliable transmission. Error detection, error correction retransmission of datas is impossible in UDP it is suitable for audio and video transmission. Internet layer Internet layer is second layer of TCP/IP model this model used to transfer the message from source computer to destination computer. Internet protocol (IP) is main protocol of this layer. This protocol providing many services such as routing packets between source and destination. Internet protocols receive messages from network interface layer in the format of bit then make it into packets. Network interface layer is lowest layer of the TCP/IP model main function of this layer is by using protocol it create a connection to physical medium, error detection and packet framing are possible in this layer. This layer contain local area network (LAN) and wide area network (WAN) technologies such as token ring,X.25,ehhernet and frame relay. This layer responsible for physical devices such as wire, cables, network interface card and satellite links. Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) contains three layers such as ATM adaption layer, ATM layer and physical layer. This model providing different type of function it used to transfer all type datas such as audio, video and text messages. Same time we can use ATM technology in different network (LAN. MAN and WAN). ATM model contain management, hyphenated and handshaking protocol, quality of services and flow control facilities. Hyphenated protocol is connection oriented; cell switched and point to point.ATM use different type of technologies to data transmission. Fixed -length cells model used to transfer variable frames this model use 48 bytes for data, 5bytes for overhead. ATM adaption layer ATM adaption layer is third layer of this model this model composed application layer, transport layer and session layer of OSI reference mode. There are two different types of layers in ATM adaption layer such as convergence sub layer and segmentation and reassembly sub layer. It is classified into five types of class for providing different type of services. According to this class of services Convergence sub layer receive messages from high level layer, identify the received message format, type finally arrange all messages for sending out. ATM layer ATM layer is second layer of this model this layer providing link between ATM adaption layer and physical layer to transmit cells between those two layers and also create virtual link, doing multiplex and de-multiplex of cells, creating cell header. ATM physical layer ATM physical layer is first layer of this model the main function of this layer is encapsulate all incoming cells in a proper format before transmit bit to the physical medium. Physical layer divided into two sub layers such as transmission convergence sub layer and physical medium dependent sub layer these sub layers are doing different function such as transmission convergence sub layer doing error correction, framing and de-framing of cells and physical medium dependent sub layer assign bit time and coding for the physical medium. Protocols Protocol is a set of rules it is used to transfer the message between one ends to another end. OSI reference model is clearly defined how messages transmitted from source to destination in the networking. This reference model contain seven layers each layers must contain one or more protocol for their message transmission. Internet protocol (IP) Main function of internet protocol (IP) is transmits message between one end to another end. When sends the messages via this protocol message divided into many parts each part contain IP address if end system and this small segment send different ways receiver receive this segment in different order. This protocol implemented in network layer of OSI reference model and internet layer of TCP/IP model so internet protocol (IP) support data transmission to upper level layers in OSI and TCP/IP reference model. This protocol is connection less protocol and we cant make sure about delivery of message. Now days two different version of internet protocols (IP) are available in the networking such as internet protocol version4 (IPV4) and internet protocol version6 (IPV6). Transmission control protocol (TCP) Transmission control protocol (TCP) applied in transport layer of OSI reference model and host to host transport layer of TCP/IP model for message transmission. This protocol is a connection oriented and reliable transmission protocol. Connection oriented it means source (sender) set up connection with destination (receiver) node before the sending data. Error detection, error correction retransmission of datas is possible in TCP. Message transmission via this protocol is very slow because of overhead (20bytes) for error correction/detection and acknowledgement. There are two types of buffers such as sending and receiving buffers these buffers are used to storage, flow control, error detection and correction. Same time messages can be transfer both direction in TCP it provides full duplex transaction and also multiplexing and de-multiplexing are possible in TCP. [Behrouz A.] User datagram protocol (UDP) User datagram protocol (UDP) installed in transport layer of OSI reference model and host to host transport layer of TCP/IP model for message transmission between the layers. This protocol is a connection less and unreliable transmission protocol. Message transmission via UDP is very fast because there is small header (8bytes).this protocol containing many drawbacks such as no error control and no flow control. Receiver cant identify whether this message is original or duplicate when message transfer via UDP. Encapulation and decapitation of messages are possible in UDP when messages transfer from source to destination. [Behrouz A.] Hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP) Main function of hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP) is access data from internet (www).this protocol is applied in application layer of OSI and TCP/IP reference model. It is describe the message transmission over the network from client to server and data format. This protocol use TCP for data transmission between client and server in this model the client first send request to server then server send response message to client. There is no secure message transmission because HTTP does not provide security HTTP provide security when it run over the secure socket layer This protocol messages can only understand by HTTP client and server. [Behrouz A.] File transfer protocol (FTP) File transfer protocol (FTP) is applied in application layer in TCP/IP model. Main function of this protocol is transferring datas from source to destination (client to server or server to client) in easy way.FTP protocol create two link between source and destination one is for message transmission other link for replay.FTP use three commands such as RETR command function of this command is copying files, STOR command function of this command is store the files and LIST command this is for list the files.FTP use different transmission mode to transfer the files such as compressed mode, stream mode and block mode .through the FTP protocol we can send text files, images and ASCII files.FTP use two different TCP port, port 20 is used transfer datas or files between client and server and port 21 is used to control transmission between them. [Behrouz A.] Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP) Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP) is installed in application layer in TCP/IP reference model. Function of this protocol is transferring the email messages between client and server and also it contains some commands these commands are used to transfer the datas between client and server. Some other protocols are support to email transmission with SMTP such as post office protocol (POP3) and internet mail access protocol (IMAP4) [Behrouz A.] Simple network management protocol (SNMP) Simple network management protocol (SNMP) is applied in application layer of TCP/IP reference model this type of protocol is used to manage the network for providing better network performance by regular testing system, protect the network from unwanted user by monitoring system. SNMP protocol defines the transaction between the manager and agent. SNMP manager verify the agent details by sending requesting message to agent. SNMP identify the packets exchange between manager and agent [Behrouz A.] Network transmission media A transmission media is necessary to transfer a signal form source to destination in the networking system. Signals are transfer via Guided and unguided transmission media now a days different type of guided transmission media support to carry the signal such as twisted pair cable, coaxial cable and fiber optic cable. Unguided transmission media it is radio wave, micro wave and infrared Twisted pair cable Twisted pair cable is one of the guided transmission media to carry the signal over the network. Analogy and digital signal can be carried by this cable. This cable contains two shield copper wire then these wires are sick together. This type of cables used in telecommunication system. Twisted pair cable not suitable for long expanse, repeaters is needed to use long distance, for small area it will work without amplification. Compare to other cables this type of cable is inexpensive. Two types of twisted pair cables are available one is unshielded twisted pair cable (UTP) another one is shield twisted pair cable (STP). [Andrew s] Coaxial cable Compare to twisted pair cable it is better shield cable it is suitable for carry the signal to long distance. This kind of cables used to carry the high frequency signals and broad band signals as well as this cable carries analogy and digital signal but using different cable. Coaxial cables providing functions in several ways one is baseband it use total bandwidth to carry the signals, another one is broad band it divide the bandwidth with signals. Centre core it is made by hard copper wire, this core is bounded by inner dielectric insulator, copper screen and plastic sheath. [Andrew s], [Michael] Fiber optics cable Fiber optic cables transfer the signal in the form of light beam. This type of cable is used to connect different cities and countries such as telephone connection because these cables are suitable for long distance. Two different types of fibre optic cables are available such as single mode fibber optic cable and multimode fiber optic cable and this cables contain two part such as inner class cylindrical core and outer class cladding Compare with other cables it has many advantage such as it can be used to long distance, signal transmission is very fast and loss of signal is very low. Disadvantage of this cable it is very expensive. [Michael] Quality of services Quality of services (QOS) contains many network technologies to develop a network. Quality of services gives expected result to the network and quality of services develop and determine data transfer, delay, and error rate and loss of cell in the network. It is very use full apply the quality of services to VOIP and video but implementation of quality if services to network is very difficult. Quality of service measure Type of Delay Different type of delay are occur in the network during the data transmission from one system to another system they are processing delay, queuing delay, transmission delay and propagation delay. Processing delay A data(1 bit) transmission time between the end systems (source to destination) it is called processing delay this delay may occur for the following reaction such as error datas transmitting from one system to router, network architecture, switching mode and also it include in configuration of network devices Propagation delay A data (1 bit) of transmission between the source and destination it is called propagation delay. This delay depends on distance between routers and propagation speed; it depends on the transmission media propagation delay calculated by dividing the distance by propagation speed Propagation delay= [Behrouz A] Queuing delay Datas or packets waiting in queue at intermediate device (router) for their transaction, when the network is busy router cant rout all the packet at same time it process these packet one by one so packets need to wait this waiting time is called queuing delay. Transmission delay Transmission delay is amount of time is needed to transfer one bit of data via transmission media. Transmission delay depends on bandwidth and size of the data. Transmission time= [Behrouz A] Jitter Voice over internet protocol (VOIP) Voice over internet protocol (VoIP) is used to communication purpose it means one person can transfer his information to another person through telephone call, voice and fax over the IP based network. To reduce the bandwidth waste VOIP use packet- switching method to telephone calls. Normally more bandwidth is needed to voice transmission but voice data is compressed to small for the transaction so it require small bandwidth. Main advantage of VOIP is reducing the cost of long distance calls, when compare with ordinary phone call for this reason every organization applying VOIP in their networks. IP telephone is used in the VOIP network because IP telephone designed with coder/decoder for convert the voice signal from analogy to digital signal and digital to analogy signal. Softwares and hardware components are helps to connect the phone with network. Different protocols are implemented in the VOIP network for support voice transaction such as RTP(real time transport protocol) it support the delay of audio, H.323 protocol used to multimedia transmission, H.235 protocol used to data encryption. ) [Michael] List of books 1) [Michael] MICHAEL A, WILLIAM M Networking explained, second edition ISBN 1-55558-252-4 2) [Behrouz A.] Behrouz A. Frozen, TCP/IP protocol Suite Fourth Edition ISBN 978-0-07-016678-3 3) [Andrew s] Andrew S.Tanenbaum, computer networks fourth edition ISBN 0-13-038488-7 4) [James F] James F.Kurose, Keith W.ROSE Computer networking, fourth edition, a top down approach ISBN -13:978-0-321-51325-0 ISBN -10:0-321-51325-8 5) [Behrouz A] Behrouz A.Forouzan, data communication and networking, fourth edition ISBN 007-125442-0 List of Internet and

Humorous Wedding Speech by a Fellow Engineering Student :: Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Humorous Wedding Speech by a Fellow Engineering Student Ladies and Gentlemen – hello! I would like to start by thanking Eric, on behalf of the bridesmaids, for his kind words. I am sure you will all agree that they look absolutely gorgeous and have carried out their duties magnificently. I’m not sure how much tequila it took, but the bride arrived one time and seemingly cured of all her wedding day nerves. Also, we shouldn’t forget James, the pageboy, who has also done a sterling job today. You may have noticed that he was entrusted with the rings and not me, the supposed best man. Eric, I know we were students together – and back in those days I would have certainly been tempted to pawn them both for some extra beer money – but please, the drinks today are already on you. For those who don't know, I met Eric at Swansea University, where we both spent three years not reading for a degree in Engineering. That said, we did conduct some excellent practical research on tika masala viscosity, chapatti-nan absorbency co-efficients, and the fluid dynamics of snakebite and black. Actually, we met in the first term in our Hall launderette. He came over and asked me if I knew how to operate the machines. It was about the 8th week of term – and the clean clothes he’d arrived from home with 2 months earlier were in desperate need of liquid refreshment. There’s only so much that deodorant can do for a pair of boxer shorts. Anyway, we got chatting and I was immediately impressed by Eric's friendliness, his willingness to talk lucidly on just about any subject, his quick mind, and how those same boxer shorts managed to make their own way to the washing machine. But more about those scholarly days shortly. As I did only meet Eric a few years ago, I’ve had to rely on his own account of earlier years. Apparently, the young Eric Wilson was an exceptionally gifted child. He sat his GCSE’s whilst his contemporaries were doing the 11-plus and then concentrated on his first novel, which he published at the age of 15. When it came to A-levels, his English teacher was left in tears when he opted for the Sciences. He then reluctantly turned down offers from Oxford, Cambridge and Harvard, in order to study at that other great beacon of learning – Swansea.

Jane Austen’s Novels Plot-Construction

In contrast to the simplicity of her style, Jane Austen's plots are unexpectedly complex. She is not content to simply draw two or three characters in isolation. She prefers a family, with their many friends and acquaintances and she tries within her limited range to make things as difficult as possible. SETTINGS OF HER NOVELS Jane Austen's field of study is man. She is, therefore, more preoccupied with human nature than nature in the nineteenth century usage of the word. The background and the scenery of the provincial town is rich in its beauty and grandeur. But there is no attempt to look into the spirit of this country. Thus although, she has some sense of locality yet she does not paint an English community like the other writers of her time. She rather avoids those very elements of the population in which the local flavour, the breath of the soil is most pronounced. She is further incapable of evoking a scene or a landscape and cannot conjure up the spirit of Bath as Emile Bronte could conjure up the spirit of the Moorlands or Hardy that of Wessex. All this, one may say, would be fatal to her dramatic quality of construction. In all her novels, we see only a limited range of human society. Most of her characters are the kind of people she knew intimately, the landed gentry, the upper class, the lower edge of the nobility, the lower clergy, the officer corps of the military. Her novels exclude the lower classes-both the industrial masses of the big cities and the agricultural labourers in the countryside. Three or four families in the country village is the very thing to work on. She does not show any of the great agonies or darker side of human experience. There is no hunger, poverty, misery or terrible vices and very little of the spiritual sphere of experience. Nor do we see any political dimension or even discussions regarding major political happenings in any of her novels. Nature too, is rarely described and her characters are usually presented indoors with an occasional expedition or picnic thrown in. According to Andrew H. Wright, the novels of Jane Austen can be considered on three levels of meaning: first, the purely local-illustrative of country life among the upper middle-classes at the end of eighteenth century in Southern England. Second, they can be taken as broad allegories in which Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice and a number of other virtues and defects are set forth in narrative form and commented on in this way. Third is the ironic level whereby the incidents, situations and characters in a novel imply something more than what they seem. PLOT-CONSTRUCTION IN SENSE AND SENSIBILITY It is one of Austen's simplest novels. The story deals with two sisters Elinor -the heroine represents a woman of sense, while Marianne, her foolish foil represents a woman of sensibility. The first volume of the book has a symmetrical pattern and a clear parallel is drawn between the two romances-Edward Ferrars and Elinor, John Willoughby and Marianne. True to Elinor's cool, sensible nature the relationship between Edward Farrar's is conducted on the level of the mind, with both displaying hardly an emotion. The theme of sense is thus exemplified through their relationship. On the other hand Willoughby who enters Marianne's life as a true romantic hero having carried her home when she sprained her ankle, exemplifies the theme of sensibility in his relationship with Marianne. While the moral seems to illustrate the superiority of sense over sensibility there is an ironic twist in the plot whereby Elinor and Marianne virtually interchange their positions PLOT-CONSTRUCTION IN EMMA The plot of Emma can be said to have an ‘inward' and an ‘outward' movement. The inward deal with Emma's self-deception- with what she thinks is happening while the outward deals with what actually is happening and this brings to light her mistakes. It is through a series of humiliations and self reproach that Emma finally awakens to self-knowledge. The reader's enjoyment stems from an awareness that Emma is wrong. From chapter 1 to 15, Emma thinks that Mr. Elton is in love with Harriet only to discover to her horror that Elton loves her. From chapter 18 to 30, Emma thinks herself to be in love with Frank and Jane Fairfax to be associated with Mr. Dixon. From chapter 31 to 46, Emma is convinced that Harriet and Frank Churchill are interested in one another. Towards the end of the novel, from chapter 46, Emma's theories about Frank and Harriet are about Jane Faifax and Dixon are destroyed and she has to face the possibility of Mr. Knightley being in love with Harriet. It is only after Knightley's proposals in the shrubbery that â€Å"what is happening† and â€Å"what Emma thinks is happening† converge and Emma's progress from self-delusion to knowledge is complete. By analyzing the plots of ‘Sense and Sensibility', ‘Emma' and ‘Pride and Prejudice', we observe that Austen's theme-her subject matter revolves round courtship and marriage in each of her novels. By the time we have reached the end of any of her novels, not only the hero and heroine but most of the other people in the story have succeeded in pairing off in marriage. And it is from the courtship of the hero and heroine that the story derives much of their tension. PLOT-CONSTRUCTION IN PRIDE AND PREJUDICE The main plot of Pride and Prejudice presents the story of the misunderstanding, estrangement and union in the lives of two people-Elizabeth and Darcy. The novel begins with the flutter and eager expectation in the Bennet family at the arrival of the young â€Å"single man of large fortune†, Mr. Charles Bingley. The sub-plot of the Jane-Bingley relationship attracts greater interest for some time. They meet at a ball, are attracted towards each other and their intimacy grows through dinner-parties, balls, etc. All this while, however, the events of the main plot also gather interest. Darcy and Elizabeth are present at the same ball. Darcy is looked at with great admiration for about half the evening and is soon ‘discovered to be proud', and when Bingley persuades him to dance with Elizabeth, he says that she is ‘tolerable' but not handsome enough to tempt him. Elizabeth developed ‘no very cordial feelings towards him'. This prejudice forms in the very first m eeting and is intensified by various other factors. Miss Caroline Bingley's designs on Darcy and her efforts to reprobate Elizabeth during her stay at Netherfield are so persistent that inspite of his being attracted by Elizabeth's pair of fine eyes, he realizes that it is dangerous to pay too much attention to Elizabeth and observes a studied reticence. Mrs. Bennet's silly remarks, Mary's all too quick consent to sing at a party, Mr. Collin's sycophancy, Mr. Bennet's want of propriety and Lydia's shallowness—infact everything that the Bennet family did is enough to alienate anybody and Darcy's poor opinion of the whole set urges him to avoid closer connections with Elizabeth. When Elizabeth meets Wickham, his winning manners grow on her good-will, and the altogether false reports of his victimization by Darcy intensify her prejudice far too much. Later, when she naturally suspects that Darcy plays a prominent part in ruining the prospects of her sister's marriage with Bingley, she feels an almost irrevocably strong prejudice a gainst him. From chapter 3 to 33, the prejudice grows in better strength and so when Darcy proposes to her, she bluntly rejects him. In reply to his enquiry about why she refused, she lays the charges at his door without any apology. The first stage in the history of their relationship is convincingly developed. Chapters 35 and 36 mark the climax in this development. Darcy's letter to her marks the beginning of the second stage. Every event occurring subsequent to this helps to reverse Elizabeth's conception of him, undo all the knots of prejudice and reveal the sterling qualities that he possesses. Even at the end of the first stage, his repulsive pride completely dominates all his thought and action, but the citadel staggers at the first rude shock Elizabeth gives him. ‘She showed him how insufficient were all his pretentions to please a woman worthy of being pleased', and even though he was angry at first, he soon realized that the lesson she taught was ‘hard indeed at first but most advantageous'. When they met most unexpectedly at Pemberley, he ‘showed her by every civility in his power that he hoped to obtain her forgiveness and lessen her ill opinion, ‘Darcy's excessive pride is dec reased and Elizabeth becomes proportionately less prejudiced. Many events in the second stage quicken this cleansing process. Even in the offending remarks about her family there is an admission that Elizabeth could inspire in Darcy a strong feeling of love capable of overcoming his strong scruple of family pride; and her vanity is touched. Darcy's narration in the letter makes it clear to her that if he found Jane's behavior ‘without any symptom of peculiar regard for Bingley', it was a pardonable, even justifiable, error of judgment and the motives were certainly unchallengeable. The baselessness of her violent charge of ruining Wickham's career becomes all clear to her. Colonel Fitzwilliam's report about him is also creditable to Darcy. All these events make her conscious that she had acted despicably and that her certainty about her discernment was most unjustifiable. Her visit to Pemberley brings another surprise. His housekeeper, Mrs. Reynold's, is genuinely proud of Darcy, who is ‘the best landlord and the best master', ‘affable to the poor', ‘an entirely good brother': and she is sure to know better. Darcy's unexpected meeting at Pemberley is still more effective: he impresses her aunt and uncle by his excellent manners, and Elizabeth has to admit that her prejudice was ill founded. Finally, Darcy's most invaluable help in the eprisode of Lydia's elopement with Wickham sweeps off all her objections. And so when Darcy's second, and most polite proposal is made, her attitude has changed as much as his. The first minor eprisode is the Jane-Bingley relationship. It can be treated as an independent event, but Jane Austen has woven it well with the main theme. Jane and Elizabeth are sisters who share each other's secrets, hopes and fears and it is the simplest connection. But on the strength of Darcy's regard, Bingley has the firmest reliance, and of his judgment the highest opinion, and so when Darcy suspected that Jane did not love Bingley as fervently as Bingley loved her, and found that her family had all vulgar manners and shallow tastes, he ‘readily engaged in the office of pointing out to him the certain evils of such a choice'. This was one of the very important reasons of Elizabeth's strong prejudice, and thus it is connected with the main theme. The Wickham-Lydia eprisode and the Collins-Charolette relationship is equally well connected with it. While Elizabeth has developed a prejudice against Darcy, she is strongly attracted towards Wickham— and it is very long before she knows what his real character is. One of the two strong charges she levels against Darcy is the ruining of Wickham's prospects. Darcy reveals the truth to her later, but because of her silence on this point, she cannot stop her sister's elopement and the slander on her family. It is this catastrophe, however, that brings Darcy closest to her because it is his love for her that he finds out the fugitives and makes a successful effort to bring about a marriage between Lydia and Wickham, neglecting the thought of the loss to him. Mr. Collins proposes to her, and later marries her best friend Charolette. All the threads are thus connected. Wickham and Charolette also serve as a comment on Elizabeth and Darcy. â€Å"The Darcy-Elizabeth couple is flanked on one side by the unexceptionable Bingley and Jane, it is flanked on the other by Charolette and Wickham†. The last two have the cleverness of the two main characters, but they are time-servers. The structure is therefore, most cleverly unifying. The precision, simplicity and symmetry of ‘Pride and Prejudice' evoke instinctive appreciation. So well it is constructed that the action proceeds logically from exposition, complication and climax to the denouncement and finally the resolution. The sub-plots are also thematically unified. The theme of love and marriage is exemplified through the plot and the sub-plots. Jane Austen uses the dramatic narrative mode and irony so effectively to build her complex plot that it would not be amiss to say that she â€Å"is the most perfect dramatist who never wrote a play†. Furthermore, all Jane Austen plots are characterized by a unity of tone and are compact and well- knit. There are no loose ands anywhere, no event conceived outside the actual plot and nothing usually hampers the progress of the story. JANE AUSTEN'S COMEDY OF MANNERS  IN PRIDE AND PREJUDICE â€Å"The wisest and the best of men-nay, the wisest and best of their actions – may he rendered ridiculous by a person whose first object in life is a joke. â€Å"Certainly†, he replied Elizabeth-â€Å"there are such people, but I hope I am not one of them. I hope I never ridicule that is wiser or good. Follies and nonsense, whims and inconsistencies do divert me, I own, and I laugh at them whenever I can.† This brief dialogue between Darcy and Elizabeth throws distinct light upon Jane Austen's purpose and programme in her novels. For once it be supposed that Miss Bennet's point of view is but a projection of her creator's. Her intention in these novels is to present a comedy of manners – to present the follies and vices of men and to expose them to general ridicule by employing the devices of comedy, parody, burlesque, irony, wit, satire, each one of them as is suitable for the occasion and need. THE UNITY OF TONE Hence, her plots are characterized by a singular unity of tone and she often achieves it by focusing our attention at it from more than one angle. In Pride and Prejudice alone the unity of plot has been achieved from as many as three angles. We can view the novel first, as Elizabeth Bennet sees everything; secondly, by assigning to Elizabeth and Darcy a prominent place into the novel and by centering the higher and nobler comedy around these two figures; and thirdly by making the whole story a study in Pride— pride of place and responsibility in some, pride in the form of social snobbery in others and also either a perverted pride or the lack of pride in the rest. However, the unity is therefore very essential in imparting coherence and shape to her design. Thus, the structure of Jane Austen's novel is perfect and is ideally suited for the material she wanted to embody and the outlook she wished to present.